全国统一学习专线 9:00-21:00
The Development of Agriculture
The fact that both the ancient Maya of Mesoamerica and the ancient Egyptians build pyramids raises theguestion of whether the Maya somehow learned to build pyramids from the Egyptians. After al, the Egyptiarpyramids were indubitably earlier in time, and Mayan and Egyptian pyramids both served ritual purposes. Onthe other hand, artificial hills and mounds hdigcont neade anat ineyw een oaonst tthe malt forso ovey dnlereat piposes oy so manydifferent scale of the Mayan and Egyptian pyramids and their different ritual purposes argue strongly againstdiffusion-the spreading of rather than independent invention of cultural practices but the problem ofdetermining whether a particular cultural practice is learned or invented recurs through history, and it can beillustrated by the development of aqriculture.
The Greek City-States: Sparta and Athens
Of the hundreds of city-states that evolved during the Archaic Age, (800-479 B.c.), Sparta and Athensstand out for their vividly contrasting stvles of life and their roles in subsequent Greek history, sparta. theprincipal symbol of Dorian civilization, chose to guarantee its integrity and future through stringent anduncompromising policies. The earliest Spartans forcibly enslaved the Helots, the original inhabitants of thelower part of Peloponnese, a peninsula forming the southern part of Greece. To prevent rebellions and tocontrol the Helots, who outnumbered the Spartans ten to one, a vigilant Sparta was forced to keep its
3.the history and composition of laundry 肥皂能洗掉污迹的化学原理
4.iron, steam, and factories in eighteen century 18世纪建筑材料的变化
5.Herbivores on the Serengeti Plain 动物的迁徙模式
Herbivores on the Serengeti Plain
Herbivores (plant-eating animals) living in the same environment often compete for food plants. But insome cases, herbivores may cooperate in the harvesting of plant matter., The grazing system of largeherbivores on the Serengeti Plain of east Africa is an excellent illustration of how these animals may interacover their food supply. The Serengeti Plain contains the most spectacular concentration of large mammalsfound anywhere in the world. Approximately 1,000,000 wildebeests, 600,000 Thomson's aazelles, 200.000zebras, and 65,000 buffalo occupy an area of 23,000 square kilometers (9,000 square miles), along withundetermined numbers of 20 other species of grazing animals.
6.The Angiosperm Revolution 被子植物革命
The Angiosperm Revolution
Of all the kinds of modern land plants one group dominates: the angiosperms, or flowering plants. Withover 250,000 living species, they are the majority of plants of most habitats except marine environments,which are still habitats for the more primitive algae. But angiosperms were a comparatively recentdevelopment in plant evolution. They arose in the mid-Mesozoic (approximately 200 million years ago to 145milion years ago), but by about 100 milion years ago they had pushed the conifers (plants having cone-shaped reproductive structures rather than flowers for reproduction) into the background. Even earlier typesof plants such as ferns are now restricted to certain wet habitats, and many of the dominant gymnosperms
7.Uniformitarianism and earth’s cycle 地球地貌的形成，均变论
8.Painting in the Dutch Golden Age 荷兰绘画
Painting in the Dutch Golden Age
The seventeenth century in the Netherlands is often called its Golden Age, not least because of itspanting, featuring such masters as Johannes Vermeer, Jacob van Ruysdael, and Frans Hals. Many factorsallowed the Dutch (Netherlandish) artistic scene to flourish, but two of the most important were innovationsin the stylistic treatment of paintings and in the process of producing them. In the early 1600s Esaias van deVelde began to paint landscapes with a simplified color scheme, fewer people, and a lower horizon, creatinga sense of space that helped make the image more attractive, Painter Jan Porcellis and others modified theiseascapes in a similar way, using simpler compositions, as well as a more monochromatic approach with lessvaried and less vivid colors-now known as the "tonal" approach. This helped create an interest in pictures oeveryday life, moving away from historical or religious subjects that had long been dominant.
Conversation
1、一位新生（female student）希望能和她的朋友住在同一间宿舍，她向宿舍管理员咨询相关规定。管理员告诉她，要么现在独立申请，要么等她朋友到校后两人一起申请。系统会优先处理同时提交的共同申请。
2、一位学生兴奋地告诉教授，自己即将参与野外考察观察 hummingbirds（蜂鸟）。教授提醒她要准备好记录工具和保持安静，以不打扰鸟类行为。
3、教授安排学生参与一项教学实践，让他们为高中生讲解 Shakespeare（莎士比亚）的戏剧。这不仅是教学任务，也是提高学生文学理解与表达能力的方法。
Lecture
1、地理学讲座讨论了区域管理与城市规划中的问题。教授以大型商超（如Walmart等）为例，说明这些零售巨头如何选择选址、影响城市交通与资源分布。强调了城市区块的“zoning”（分区）和“land use management”（土地使用管理）等关键概念。
2、艺术作品《La Bella Principessa》的归属问题。教授介绍如何通过“provenance”（作品来源）、人物服饰风格、纸张碳测年等方法判断作者身份。
3、行星形成的两种理论。第一是 accretion theory（聚集理论），小颗粒通过碰撞逐渐形成行星；第二是 gas instability model，气体星球可能在云气团坍缩中直接形成。
4、r/K selection theory。r-strategy 物种倾向于大量繁殖，个体质量低，生命周期短（如昆虫）；K-strategy 物种则少量繁殖，注重个体质量与长期照护（如大象）。教授指出，有些物种如 sea turtles（海龟）同时具备两种策略的特征，是理论中的例外。
5、Installation Art（装置艺术）的起源与发展。从 1915 年“found objects”（现成物）开始，到 20 世纪 70 年代形成独立艺术形式。6.恐龙骨头蛋白质含量实验7.城市规划与商超选址8.现代艺术的参与感
TASK 1
第1套：现在养育孩子比过去难？Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more difficult to be a good parent today than in the past. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
第2套：films类型选娱乐还是有教育意义Some people prefer to watch films that are exciting and entertaining. Others prefer to watch films that are moreserious and have an important message or teach them something new. What kind of film do you prefer and why? Use specific examples and details in yourresponse.
第3套：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement ? Children should be taught to be independent when they are very young.
TASK 2
第1套：阅读：学校取消社团额外资金申请，要求学生自己筹措预算。鼓励学生锻炼财务管理能力。听力态度：支持（Agree）听力理由：1）能提升学生自主理财意识。2）环保社团通过卖T恤既成功筹款，又宣传了环保理念。
第2套：学校host writing retreats on select Saturdays听力:女生同意她曾经历过在校园里写作的情况，当时她很难静下心来，集中精力完成重要的作业。有时，她抱着计划去图书馆，打算完成大量打印的页面。但结果却是在与其他朋友聊天和闲逛中度过，而这些只是干扰因素的一部分。此外，她认为这非常方便，因为如果需要帮助，她不必等待或预约即可见到相关人员。例如，如果她卡在某个问题上，她可以当场向教练求助。最后，她表示自己已经下定决心，这个周末将参加这场静修活动。
第3套：阅读：让大学生去教小孩游泳。1）能培养责任感；2）帮助孩子掌握生存技能。听力态度：反对（Disagree）听力理由：1）大学生非常忙，没有时间做这件事。2）锻炼身体不一定非得游泳，可以选择去公园跑步等替代方式。
TASK 3
第1套：主题：误解与关联（Misunderstanding by association）定义：人们基于某人所认识或与谁有关联而对他做出错误判断。听力例子：教授家乡选市长时，有人因为候选人的母亲是个好市长就选了他，结果他治理得很差，说明关联不能代表能力。
第2套：主题：Intellectual Property（知识产权）定义：个人创作的作品受法律保护，不能被他人擅自使用或改编。听力例子：教授的妹妹写了一本小说，一家公司想把它改编成电影，必须获得她的许可并支付费用，这说明原创者拥有该作品的使用权。
第3套：主题：昂贵信号（Costly signals）定义：动物为吸引配偶，会演化出高成本的身体特征，证明自己强健，从而增加繁殖成功率。听力例子：雄孔雀的巨大尾羽就是昂贵信号之一，尽管不利逃跑，但能在掠食威胁下生存的孔雀被认为更强壮，因此更能吸引雌性。
TASK 4
第1套：two ways that the increase of carbon dioxide may affect insects第一种方式是，二氧化碳的增加可能使昆虫难以获得足够的营养。以食叶昆虫一毛虫为例，它们必须吃下更多的植物叶子才能获取足够的营养，这对它们的发育是不利的。另一个点是，二氧化碳的增加使得昆虫的消化过程变得更加困难。随着二氧化碳浓度的增加，一些植物的化学成分可能会发生改变。再以毛虫为例，过多的二氧化碳会导致某些植物叶片中的淀粉含量增加。因此，叶片变得非常坚硬，难以咀嚼。在这种情况下，毛虫无法获得体重也无法正常发育。
第2套：主题：商业网络的两个优势（Two advantages of business network）解释与例子：1）通过网络可以获得有价值的建议或资源（如供应商或合作伙伴推荐）。2）可以增加曝光率和商机，例如通过客户转介绍扩大业务。
第3套：主题：物种如何形成（Two ways specification occurs）解释与例子：1）地理障碍：如美国的大峡谷将物种分隔，长时间后演化为不同物种。2）环境条件：如同一植物在山脚和山顶因气候差异发展出不同种类，最终演化为两个物种。
综合写作
第1套：阅读：人类大脑缩小的原因三种可能的形成原因1.气候变化（climate change）：阅读认为气候变化是人类大脑缩小的原因之一。2.农业（agriculture）：阅读提出农业也是导致人类大脑缩小的一个因素。3.肌肉质量的减少（reduction in muscle mass）：阅读指出肌肉质量的减少会使得控制肌肉的大脑组织减少，进而造成大脑缩小。听力反驳：气候变化不匹配（climate change mismatch）：听力反驳称气候反复变化（up and down）时，人类大脑并未出现相应的变大变小情况，大脑缩小与气候变化不存在紧密联系。农业革命时间不同步（agricultural revolution timing discrepancy）：听力提到农业革命在全世界开始的时间各不相同，但人类大脑的缩小过程却是同步的，以此反驳农业是大脑缩小原因的观点。肌肉减少因素太小（muscle reduction as a minor factor）：听力表示即便肌肉减少可算作大脑缩小的一个原因，该因素也过于次要（minor），无法完全（fully）解释人类大脑缩小的现象。
第2套：阅读：应由政府资助艺术项目。理由1：有些艺术形式如交响乐太小众，无法靠市场盈利，需要政府支持。理由2：艺术带来文化价值，能丰富大众精神生活。理由3：支持艺术家创作，提升国家形象。听力反驳：1.很多交响乐团其实可以自负盈亏，比如售票、赞助、巡演，政府不必支持所有团体。2. 文化价值可以从其他地方获得，比如电影、电视剧，政府不一定非得扶持传统艺术。3. 国家形象不是靠艺术支撑，应该优先考虑民生、医疗、教育等比艺术更紧急的领域。第3套：herbicide农药是不是导致树死亡的根本原因
学术讨论
第1套：Doctor AchebeIn the next few weeks, we'll be talking about urban traffic management. Let's begin by discussing one popular idea-creating car-free central zones. Some cities around the world have recently designated their downtown areas as being automobile-free which means that vehicles are not allowed to enter the city centers. Do you think that more cities should make their central zones car-free? Why or why not?ClaireI support the idea of establishing car-free central zones because this will result in one important benefit for city residents-it will be better for their health. Instead of driving everywhere, people will be encouraged to walk or cycle more. lt would be a great way to incorporate exercise into people's routines.PaulIt sounds like a good idea, but I'm skeptical. My main concern is that many businesses located in the city centers, such as shops and restaurants, may suffer because the customers will no longer be able to reach those businesses by car. For some customers, if they can't drive, they won't go at all.